很自然地,我们会想到如果能用邮件确认的方式对新注册用户进行审查,既安全又正式,也是目前很多站点的做法。
既然要区分通过和未通过邮件确认的用户,那么必须给用户添加一个是否进行过邮件确认的属性。
另外,我们要创建一张新表,用于保存用户的确认码以及注册提交的时间。
全新、完整的/login/models.py
文件如下:
from django.db import models # Create your models here. class User(models.Model): gender = ( ('male', "男"), ('female', "女"), ) name = models.CharField(max_length=128, unique=True) password = models.CharField(max_length=256) email = models.EmailField(unique=True) sex = models.CharField(max_length=32, choices=gender, default="男") c_time = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True) has_confirmed = models.BooleanField(default=False) def __str__(self): return self.name class Meta: ordering = ["-c_time"] verbose_name = "用户" verbose_name_plural = "用户" class ConfirmString(models.Model): code = models.CharField(max_length=256) user = models.OneToOneField('User', on_delete=models.CASCADE) c_time = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True) def __str__(self): return self.user.name + ": " + self.code class Meta: ordering = ["-c_time"] verbose_name = "确认码" verbose_name_plural = "确认码"
说明:
has_confirmed
字段,这是个布尔值,默认为False,也就是未进行邮件注册;c_time
是注册的提交时间。这里有个问题可以讨论一下:是否需要创建ConfirmString新表?可否都放在User表里?我认为如果全都放在User中,不利于管理,查询速度慢,创建新表有利于区分已确认和未确认的用户。最终的选择可以根据你的实际情况具体分析。
模型修改和创建完毕,需要执行migrate命令,一定不要忘了。
顺便修改一下admin.py文件,方便我们在后台修改和观察数据。
# login/admin.py from django.contrib import admin # Register your models here. from . import models admin.site.register(models.User) admin.site.register(models.ConfirmString)
首先,要修改我们的register()
视图的逻辑:
def register(request): if request.session.get('is_login', None): return redirect('/index/') if request.method == 'POST': register_form = forms.RegisterForm(request.POST) message = "请检查填写的内容!" if register_form.is_valid(): username = register_form.cleaned_data.get('username') password1 = register_form.cleaned_data.get('password1') password2 = register_form.cleaned_data.get('password2') email = register_form.cleaned_data.get('email') sex = register_form.cleaned_data.get('sex') if password1 != password2: message = '两次输入的密码不同!' return render(request, 'login/register.html', locals()) else: same_name_user = models.User.objects.filter(name=username) if same_name_user: message = '用户名已经存在' return render(request, 'login/register.html', locals()) same_email_user = models.User.objects.filter(email=email) if same_email_user: message = '该邮箱已经被注册了!' return render(request, 'login/register.html', locals()) new_user = models.User() new_user.name = username new_user.password = hash_code(password1) new_user.email = email new_user.sex = sex new_user.save() code = make_confirm_string(new_user) send_email(email, code) message = '请前往邮箱进行确认!' return render(request, 'login/confirm.html', locals()) else: return render(request, 'login/register.html', locals()) register_form = forms.RegisterForm() return render(request, 'login/register.html', locals())
关键是多了下面两行:
code = make_confirm_string(new_user) send_email(email, code)
make_confirm_string()
是创建确认码对象的方法,代码如下:
import datatime def make_confirm_string(user): now = datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S") code = hash_code(user.name, now) models.ConfirmString.objects.create(code=code, user=user,) return code
在文件顶部要先导入datetime
模块。
make_confirm_string()
方法接收一个用户对象作为参数。首先利用datetime模块生成一个当前时间的字符串now,再调用我们前面编写的hash_code()
方法以用户名为基础,now为‘盐’,生成一个独一无二的哈希值,再调用ConfirmString模型的create()方法,生成并保存一个确认码对象。最后返回这个哈希值。
send_email(email, code)
方法接收两个参数,分别是注册的邮箱和前面生成的哈希值,代码如下:
from django.conf import settings def send_email(email, code): from django.core.mail import EmailMultiAlternatives subject = '来自www.liujiangblog.com的注册确认邮件' text_content = '''感谢注册www.liujiangblog.com,这里是刘江的博客和教程站点,专注于Python、Django和机器学习技术的分享!\ 如果你看到这条消息,说明你的邮箱服务器不提供HTML链接功能,请联系管理员!''' html_content = ''' <p>感谢注册<a href="http://{}/confirm/?code={}" target=blank>www.liujiangblog.com</a>,\ 这里是刘江的博客和教程站点,专注于Python、Django和机器学习技术的分享!</p> <p>请点击站点链接完成注册确认!</p> <p>此链接有效期为{}天!</p> '''.format('127.0.0.1:8000', code, settings.CONFIRM_DAYS) msg = EmailMultiAlternatives(subject, text_content, settings.EMAIL_HOST_USER, [email]) msg.attach_alternative(html_content, "text/html") msg.send()
首先我们需要导入settings配置文件from django.conf import settings
。
邮件内容中的所有字符串都可以根据你的实际情况进行修改。其中关键在于<a href=''>
中链接地址的格式,我这里使用了硬编码的'127.0.0.1:8000',请酌情修改,url里的参数名为code
,它保存了关键的注册确认码,最后的有效期天数为设置在settings中的CONFIRM_DAYS
。所有的这些都是可以定制的!
下面是邮件相关的settings配置:
# 邮件配置 EMAIL_BACKEND = 'django.core.mail.backends.smtp.EmailBackend' EMAIL_HOST = 'smtp.sina.com' EMAIL_PORT = 25 EMAIL_HOST_USER = 'xxx@sina.com' EMAIL_HOST_PASSWORD = 'xxxxxx' # 注册有效期天数 CONFIRM_DAYS = 7
首先,在根目录的urls.py
中添加一条url:
path('confirm/', views.user_confirm),
其次,在login/views.py
中添加一个user_confirm
视图。
def user_confirm(request): code = request.GET.get('code', None) message = '' try: confirm = models.ConfirmString.objects.get(code=code) except: message = '无效的确认请求!' return render(request, 'login/confirm.html', locals()) c_time = confirm.c_time now = datetime.datetime.now() if now > c_time + datetime.timedelta(settings.CONFIRM_DAYS): confirm.user.delete() message = '您的邮件已经过期!请重新注册!' return render(request, 'login/confirm.html', locals()) else: confirm.user.has_confirmed = True confirm.user.save() confirm.delete() message = '感谢确认,请使用账户登录!' return render(request, 'login/confirm.html', locals())
说明:
request.GET.get('code', None)
从请求的url地址中获取确认码;confirm.html
页面,并提示;c_time
,加上设置的过期天数,这里是7天,然后与现在时间点进行对比;confirm.html
页面,并提示;has_confirmed
字段为True,并保存,表示通过确认了。然后删除注册码,但不删除用户本身。最后返回confirm.html
页面,并提示。这里需要一个confirm.html
页面,我们将它创建在/login/templates/login/
下面:
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>注册确认</title> </head> <body> <h1 style="margin-left: 100px;">{{ message }}</h1> <script> window.setTimeout("window.location='/login/'",2000); </script> </body> </html>
页面中通过JS代码,设置2秒后自动跳转到登录页面。
confirm.html页面仅仅是个示意的提示页面,你可以根据自己的需要去除或者美化。
既然未进行邮件确认的用户不能登录,那么我们就必须修改登录规则,如下所示:
def login(request): if request.session.get('is_login', None): # 不允许重复登录 return redirect('/index/') if request.method == 'POST': login_form = forms.UserForm(request.POST) message = '请检查填写的内容!' if login_form.is_valid(): username = login_form.cleaned_data.get('username') password = login_form.cleaned_data.get('password') try: user = models.User.objects.get(name=username) except : message = '用户不存在!' return render(request, 'login/login.html', locals()) if not user.has_confirmed: message = '该用户还未经过邮件确认!' return render(request, 'login/login.html', locals()) if user.password == hash_code(password): request.session['is_login'] = True request.session['user_id'] = user.id request.session['user_name'] = user.name return redirect('/index/') else: message = '密码不正确!' return render(request, 'login/login.html', locals()) else: return render(request, 'login/login.html', locals()) login_form = forms.UserForm() return render(request, 'login/login.html', locals())
关键是下面的部分:
if not user.has_confirmed: message = '该用户还未经过邮件确认!' return render(request, 'login/login.html', locals())
最后,贴出view.py的整体代码,供大家参考:
from django.shortcuts import render from django.shortcuts import redirect from django.conf import settings from . import models from . import forms import hashlib import datetime # Create your views here. def hash_code(s, salt='mysite'): h = hashlib.sha256() s += salt h.update(s.encode()) return h.hexdigest() def make_confirm_string(user): now = datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S") code = hash_code(user.name, now) models.ConfirmString.objects.create(code=code, user=user) return code def send_email(email, code): from django.core.mail import EmailMultiAlternatives subject = '来自www.liujiangblog.com的注册确认邮件' text_content = '''感谢注册www.liujiangblog.com,这里是刘江的博客和教程站点,专注于Python、Django和机器学习技术的分享!\ 如果你看到这条消息,说明你的邮箱服务器不提供HTML链接功能,请联系管理员!''' html_content = ''' <p>感谢注册<a href="http://{}/confirm/?code={}" target=blank>www.liujiangblog.com</a>,\ 这里是刘江的博客和教程站点,专注于Python、Django和机器学习技术的分享!</p> <p>请点击站点链接完成注册确认!</p> <p>此链接有效期为{}天!</p> '''.format('127.0.0.1:8000', code, settings.CONFIRM_DAYS) msg = EmailMultiAlternatives(subject, text_content, settings.EMAIL_HOST_USER, [email]) msg.attach_alternative(html_content, "text/html") msg.send() def index(request): if not request.session.get('is_login', None): return redirect('/login/') return render(request, 'login/index.html') def login(request): if request.session.get('is_login', None): # 不允许重复登录 return redirect('/index/') if request.method == 'POST': login_form = forms.UserForm(request.POST) message = '请检查填写的内容!' if login_form.is_valid(): username = login_form.cleaned_data.get('username') password = login_form.cleaned_data.get('password') try: user = models.User.objects.get(name=username) except : message = '用户不存在!' return render(request, 'login/login.html', locals()) if not user.has_confirmed: message = '该用户还未经过邮件确认!' return render(request, 'login/login.html', locals()) if user.password == hash_code(password): request.session['is_login'] = True request.session['user_id'] = user.id request.session['user_name'] = user.name return redirect('/index/') else: message = '密码不正确!' return render(request, 'login/login.html', locals()) else: return render(request, 'login/login.html', locals()) login_form = forms.UserForm() return render(request, 'login/login.html', locals()) def register(request): if request.session.get('is_login', None): return redirect('/index/') if request.method == 'POST': register_form = forms.RegisterForm(request.POST) message = "请检查填写的内容!" if register_form.is_valid(): username = register_form.cleaned_data.get('username') password1 = register_form.cleaned_data.get('password1') password2 = register_form.cleaned_data.get('password2') email = register_form.cleaned_data.get('email') sex = register_form.cleaned_data.get('sex') if password1 != password2: message = '两次输入的密码不同!' return render(request, 'login/register.html', locals()) else: same_name_user = models.User.objects.filter(name=username) if same_name_user: message = '用户名已经存在' return render(request, 'login/register.html', locals()) same_email_user = models.User.objects.filter(email=email) if same_email_user: message = '该邮箱已经被注册了!' return render(request, 'login/register.html', locals()) new_user = models.User() new_user.name = username new_user.password = hash_code(password1) new_user.email = email new_user.sex = sex new_user.save() code = make_confirm_string(new_user) send_email(email, code) message = '请前往邮箱进行确认!' return render(request, 'login/confirm.html', locals()) else: return render(request, 'login/register.html', locals()) register_form = forms.RegisterForm() return render(request, 'login/register.html', locals()) def logout(request): if not request.session.get('is_login', None): return redirect('/login/') request.session.flush() # del request.session['is_login'] return redirect("/login/") def user_confirm(request): code = request.GET.get('code', None) message = '' try: confirm = models.ConfirmString.objects.get(code=code) except: message = '无效的确认请求!' return render(request, 'login/confirm.html', locals()) c_time = confirm.c_time now = datetime.datetime.now() if now > c_time + datetime.timedelta(settings.CONFIRM_DAYS): confirm.user.delete() message = '您的邮件已经过期!请重新注册!' return render(request, 'login/confirm.html', locals()) else: confirm.user.has_confirmed = True confirm.user.save() confirm.delete() message = '感谢确认,请使用账户登录!' return render(request, 'login/confirm.html', locals())
首先,通过admin后台删除原来所有的用户。
进入注册页面,如下图所示:
点击注册后,跳转到提示信息页面,2秒后再跳转到登录页面。
尝试登录用户,但提示还未进行邮件确认:
进入admin后台,查看刚才建立的用户,可以看到其处于未确认状态:
进入你的测试邮箱,查看注册邮件:
点击链接,自动跳转到确认成功提示页面,2秒后再跳转到登录页面。这个时候再次查看admin后台,可以看到用户已经处于登录确认状态,并且确认码也被自动删除了,不会第二次被使用:
使用该用户正常登录吧!Very Good!一切都很不错!
关于邮件注册,还有很多内容可以探讨,比如定时删除未在有效期内进行邮件确认的用户,这个可以用Django的celery实现,或者使用Linux的cronb功能。
关于邮件注册的工作逻辑,项目里只是抛砖引玉,做个展示,并不够严谨,也需要你自己根据实际环境去设计。
最后,其实Django生态圈有一个现成的邮件注册模块django-registration,但是这个模块灵活度不高,并且绑定了Auth框架,有兴趣的可以去看看其英文文档,中文资料较少。